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Activationof the parasympathetic division generally causes opposite responses that promote calming and a return to selfmaintenance
functions.
In regulating reproductive activity, however, the
parasympathetic division complements rather than antagonizes
the sympathetic division.
Networks of neurons that form the enteric division of
the PNS are active in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Within these organs, the enteric division regulates
secretion and peristalsis (see Chapter 41). The sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions normally regulate the enteric
division, although it is capable of independent activity
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