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The absence of mitochondria in the mature sperm-
atozoa in the two species of Urodasys might be relat-
ed to the dysoxic habitat in which they were found.
The very low oxygen tension and anoxia of sediments
of the Santa Barbara Basin,the habitat of U. ano-
rektoxys, is well known (Kuwabaraetal.1999;Bern-
hardetal.2000),while the dysoxia of the sediment of
the Ventotene Island,habitat of U.acanthostylis, is
shown by the characteristic associated fauna,includ-
ing Kentrophoros sp.(Ciliata), Gnathostomula sp.
(Gnathostomulida),and at least two species of
Stilbonematinae(Nematoda),all typical dwellers of
poorly oxygenated environments(cf.Giere1993).
On the other hand,the loss of mitochondria during
the spermatogenetic process might also be related to
some kind of peculiar internal modality of fertiliza-
tion,as mitochondria are present in germinaland
somatic cells of both species of Urodasys.Despite
lack in gmitochondria,mature spermatozoain
U.acanthostylis have been seen actively moving
both isolated from mature animals and in their body
after copulation,and therefore show normal behav-
ior.Baccetti&Afzelius(1976
.68)comment that
whereas in somecases,like some isopods,mitochon-
dria-free spermatozoa appear non-motile,in other
cases,like that of Acanthocephala,
they are ca-
pable of rapid movements which may be of the same
duration as those of sperm types with mitochondria.
It is generally agreed that ATP needed for sperm
movement is formed in these cases through glycoly-
sis under anaerobic conditions,whereas in the species
of Urodasys the persistence of mitochondria up to the
final steps of spermatogeness may easily explain a
normal sperm activity.Moreover,the caudal organ,
with a likely copulatory function,may favor the trans-
ferring of sperm to the partner during copulation in
U.acanthostylis as in most Macrodasyida.