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ویکی پدیا که سایت معتبری نیست اصلا!!!خیلی چیزای غلطی مخصوصا علمی داره!
من فکر نمیکنم آلوتروپ o4 داشته باشیم.
اولا که جنگل ها هم در صورت استفاده بی رویه تجدید ناپذیرند!
در باره آلوتروپ اکسیژن هم توی ویکی پدیا بزنید
xygen توی بخش آلوتروپ(البته به انگلیسی!)
در باره آلوتروپ اکسیژن هم توی ویکی پدیا بزنید
xygen توی بخش آلوتروپ(البته به انگلیسی!)
من فکر نمیکنم آلوتروپ o4 داشته باشیم.
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پاسخ : شیش تا سوال از شیمی یک
اینم متنش!حالا شما خود دانید!
The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O[SUB]2[/SUB]. It has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ·mol[SUP]−[/SUP][SUP]1[/SUP]. This is the form that is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role) and is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). Other aspects of O[SUB]2[/SUB] are covered in the remainder of this article.
Trioxygen (O[SUB]3[/SUB]) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when O[SUB]2[/SUB] combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O[SUB]2[/SUB] by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the spectrum, the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet.Near the Earth's surface, however, it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust. The metastable molecule tetraoxygen (O[SUB]4[/SUB]) was discovered in 2001, and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen. It was proven in 2006 that this phase, created by pressurizing O[SUB]2[/SUB] to 20 GPa, is in fact a rhombohedral O[SUB]8[/SUB] cluster. This cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either O[SUB]2[/SUB] or O[SUB]3[/SUB] and may therefore be used in rocket fuel. A metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 GPa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures, this phase becomes superconducting
edited by ehsan .g
این هم که نیاز به توضیح ندار ه!داره 4 تا را توضیح میده!
اینم متنش!حالا شما خود دانید!
The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen, O[SUB]2[/SUB]. It has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ·mol[SUP]−[/SUP][SUP]1[/SUP]. This is the form that is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in cellular respiration (see Biological role) and is the form that is a major part of the Earth's atmosphere (see Occurrence). Other aspects of O[SUB]2[/SUB] are covered in the remainder of this article.
Trioxygen (O[SUB]3[/SUB]) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue. Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when O[SUB]2[/SUB] combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O[SUB]2[/SUB] by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the spectrum, the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet.Near the Earth's surface, however, it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust. The metastable molecule tetraoxygen (O[SUB]4[/SUB]) was discovered in 2001, and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen. It was proven in 2006 that this phase, created by pressurizing O[SUB]2[/SUB] to 20 GPa, is in fact a rhombohedral O[SUB]8[/SUB] cluster. This cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either O[SUB]2[/SUB] or O[SUB]3[/SUB] and may therefore be used in rocket fuel. A metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 GPa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures, this phase becomes superconducting
edited by ehsan .g
این هم که نیاز به توضیح ندار ه!داره 4 تا را توضیح میده!
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پاسخ : شیش تا سوال از شیمی یک
نمیدونم ولی من سال اول راهنمایی وقتی گفتم o4 کلی بهم خندیدن و گفتن وجود نداره.ترم اول همین امسالم بهم گفتن این وجود نداره.
این آلوتروپه پایداره؟؟؟؟
گفته 2001 کشف شده پس باید اساتید شیمی دربارش اطلاعات داشته باشن.
ممنون به خاطر کمکتون.تعداد کمی هستن که اینجوری فعال هستن.امیدوارم موفق باشین:117:
نمیدونم ولی من سال اول راهنمایی وقتی گفتم o4 کلی بهم خندیدن و گفتن وجود نداره.ترم اول همین امسالم بهم گفتن این وجود نداره.
این آلوتروپه پایداره؟؟؟؟
گفته 2001 کشف شده پس باید اساتید شیمی دربارش اطلاعات داشته باشن.
ممنون به خاطر کمکتون.تعداد کمی هستن که اینجوری فعال هستن.امیدوارم موفق باشین:117:
پاسخ : شیش تا سوال از شیمی یک
برای پست قبل کافیست oxygen را در ویکی بنوسید.
اما یه متن دیگه!
برای متن اول بزنید:1
متن: دوم:2
متن سوم:3
متن چهارم:4
{شده تلفن گویا!!}
متن چهارم:
Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Solid oxygen O[SUB]2[/SUB], like liquid oxygen, is a clear substance with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red.
Oxygen molecules have attracted attention because of the relationship between the molecular magnetization and crystal structures, electronic structures, and superconductivity. Oxygen is the only one of the simple diatomic molecules (and one of the few molecules in general) to carry a magnetic moment. This makes solid oxygen particularly interesting, as it is considered a 'spin-controlled' crystal that displays unusual magnetic order. At very high pressures, solid oxygen changes from an insulating to a metallic state; and at very low temperatures, it even transforms to a superconducting state. Structural investigations of solid oxygen began in the 1920s and, at present, six distinct crystallographic phases are established unambiguously.
The density of solid oxygen ranges from 21 cm[SUP]3[/SUP]/mol in the α-phase, to 23.5 cm[SUP]3[/SUP]/mol in the γ-phase.
As the pressure of oxygen at room temperature is increased through 10 GPa, it undergoes a dramatic phase transition to a different allotrope. Its volume decreases significantly, and it changes color from blue to deep red. This ε-phase was discovered in 1979, but the structure has been unclear. Based on its infrared absorption spectrum, researchers assumed in 1999 that this phase consists of O[SUB]4[/SUB] molecules in a crystal lattice. However, in 2006, it was shown by X-ray crystallography that this stable phase known as ε oxygen or red oxygen is in fact O[SUB]8[/SUB]. No one predicted the structure theoretically: a rhomboid O[SUB]8[/SUB] cluster consisting of four O[SUB]2[/SUB] molecules.
In this phase it exhibits a dark-red color, very strong infrared absorption, and a magnetic collapse. It is also stable over a very large pressure domain and has been the subject of numerous X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic and theoretical studies. It has been shown to have a monoclinic C2/m symmetry and its infrared absorption behaviour was attributed to the association of oxygen molecules into larger units.
اما این مقاله داره به معرفی اکسیژن جامد و شرایط نگه داری اون می پردازه{اسم دیگش اکسیژن قرمز}(o8)
editrd by ehsan.g
برای پست قبل کافیست oxygen را در ویکی بنوسید.
اما یه متن دیگه!
برای متن اول بزنید:1
متن: دوم:2
متن سوم:3
متن چهارم:4
{شده تلفن گویا!!}
متن چهارم:
Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Solid oxygen O[SUB]2[/SUB], like liquid oxygen, is a clear substance with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red.
Oxygen molecules have attracted attention because of the relationship between the molecular magnetization and crystal structures, electronic structures, and superconductivity. Oxygen is the only one of the simple diatomic molecules (and one of the few molecules in general) to carry a magnetic moment. This makes solid oxygen particularly interesting, as it is considered a 'spin-controlled' crystal that displays unusual magnetic order. At very high pressures, solid oxygen changes from an insulating to a metallic state; and at very low temperatures, it even transforms to a superconducting state. Structural investigations of solid oxygen began in the 1920s and, at present, six distinct crystallographic phases are established unambiguously.
The density of solid oxygen ranges from 21 cm[SUP]3[/SUP]/mol in the α-phase, to 23.5 cm[SUP]3[/SUP]/mol in the γ-phase.
As the pressure of oxygen at room temperature is increased through 10 GPa, it undergoes a dramatic phase transition to a different allotrope. Its volume decreases significantly, and it changes color from blue to deep red. This ε-phase was discovered in 1979, but the structure has been unclear. Based on its infrared absorption spectrum, researchers assumed in 1999 that this phase consists of O[SUB]4[/SUB] molecules in a crystal lattice. However, in 2006, it was shown by X-ray crystallography that this stable phase known as ε oxygen or red oxygen is in fact O[SUB]8[/SUB]. No one predicted the structure theoretically: a rhomboid O[SUB]8[/SUB] cluster consisting of four O[SUB]2[/SUB] molecules.
In this phase it exhibits a dark-red color, very strong infrared absorption, and a magnetic collapse. It is also stable over a very large pressure domain and has been the subject of numerous X-ray diffraction, spectroscopic and theoretical studies. It has been shown to have a monoclinic C2/m symmetry and its infrared absorption behaviour was attributed to the association of oxygen molecules into larger units.
- Liquid oxygen is already used as an oxidant in rockets, and it has been speculated that red oxygen could make an even better oxidant, because of its higher energy density.
- Researchers think that this structure may greatly influence the structural investigation of elements.
- It is the phase that forms above 600 K at pressures greater than 17 GPa.
- At 11 GPa, the intra-cluster bond length of the O[SUB]8[/SUB] cluster is 0.234 nm, and the inter-cluster distance is 0.266 nm. (For comparison, the intra-molecular bond length of the oxygen molecule O[SUB]2[/SUB] is 0.120 nm.)
- The formation mechanism of the O[SUB]8[/SUB] cluster found in the work is not clear yet, and the researchers think that the charge transfer between oxygen molecules or the magnetic moment of oxygen molecules has a significant role in the formation.
اما این مقاله داره به معرفی اکسیژن جامد و شرایط نگه داری اون می پردازه{اسم دیگش اکسیژن قرمز}(o8)
editrd by ehsan.g
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پاسخ : شیش تا سوال از شیمی یک
مقاله اول خلاصه این 3 تای دیگه هست و دومی هم همون اکسیژن عادی خودمونه!
اما سومی:
The tetraoxygen molecule (O[SUB]4[/SUB]), also called oxozone, was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it as an explanation for the failure of liquid oxygen to obey Curie's law.[SUP][/SUP] Today it seems Lewis was off, but not by much: computer simulations indicate that although there are no stable O[SUB]4[/SUB] molecules in liquid oxygen, O[SUB]2[/SUB] molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O[SUB]4[/SUB] units.[SUP][/SUP] In 1999, researchers thought that solid oxygen existed in its ε-phase (at pressures above 10 GPa) as O[SUB]4[/SUB]. However, in 2006, it was shown by X-ray crystallography that this stable phase known as ε oxygen or red oxygen is in fact O[SUB]8[/SUB].[SUP][/SUP] Nevertheless, tetraoxygen has been detected as a short-lived chemical species in mass spectrometry experiments.[SUP][/SUP]
Absorption bands of the O[SUB]4[/SUB] molecule e.g. at 360, 477 and 577 nm are frequently used to do aerosol inversions in atmospheric optical absorption spectroscopy. Due to the known distribution of O[SUB]2[/SUB] and therefore also O[SUB]4[/SUB], O[SUB]4[/SUB] slant column densities can be used to retrieve aerosol profiles which can then be used again in radiative transfer models to model light paths
همون جوری که می بینید درباره (o4 ) یا همون اکسوزون است.
edited by ehsan . g
مقاله اول خلاصه این 3 تای دیگه هست و دومی هم همون اکسیژن عادی خودمونه!
اما سومی:
The tetraoxygen molecule (O[SUB]4[/SUB]), also called oxozone, was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it as an explanation for the failure of liquid oxygen to obey Curie's law.[SUP][/SUP] Today it seems Lewis was off, but not by much: computer simulations indicate that although there are no stable O[SUB]4[/SUB] molecules in liquid oxygen, O[SUB]2[/SUB] molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O[SUB]4[/SUB] units.[SUP][/SUP] In 1999, researchers thought that solid oxygen existed in its ε-phase (at pressures above 10 GPa) as O[SUB]4[/SUB]. However, in 2006, it was shown by X-ray crystallography that this stable phase known as ε oxygen or red oxygen is in fact O[SUB]8[/SUB].[SUP][/SUP] Nevertheless, tetraoxygen has been detected as a short-lived chemical species in mass spectrometry experiments.[SUP][/SUP]
Absorption bands of the O[SUB]4[/SUB] molecule e.g. at 360, 477 and 577 nm are frequently used to do aerosol inversions in atmospheric optical absorption spectroscopy. Due to the known distribution of O[SUB]2[/SUB] and therefore also O[SUB]4[/SUB], O[SUB]4[/SUB] slant column densities can be used to retrieve aerosol profiles which can then be used again in radiative transfer models to model light paths
همون جوری که می بینید درباره (o4 ) یا همون اکسوزون است.
edited by ehsan . g
پاسخ : شیش تا سوال از شیمی یک
با سلام
2 سوال از شیمی 1 داشتم,گفتم تاپیک زیادی درست نکنم(صرفه جویی در تاپیک!)
1.توی کتاب فصل 2 نوشته که اوزون تروپوسفری روی محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه گوجه تاثیر میذاره.چرا گوجه؟!
2.توی کتاب فصل 4 نوشته که اوره اولین ماده ی آلی است که از مواد معدنی به دست آمد پس چرا در کتاب شیمی 2 فصل 5 گفته که کلسیم کاربید پل شیمی معدنی و آلی هست؟اگر اینجوری بود که می گفت ماده معدنی که باعث ایجاد اوره شد,پل شیمی معدنی و آلی بود!
با تشکر
با سلام
2 سوال از شیمی 1 داشتم,گفتم تاپیک زیادی درست نکنم(صرفه جویی در تاپیک!)
1.توی کتاب فصل 2 نوشته که اوزون تروپوسفری روی محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه گوجه تاثیر میذاره.چرا گوجه؟!
2.توی کتاب فصل 4 نوشته که اوره اولین ماده ی آلی است که از مواد معدنی به دست آمد پس چرا در کتاب شیمی 2 فصل 5 گفته که کلسیم کاربید پل شیمی معدنی و آلی هست؟اگر اینجوری بود که می گفت ماده معدنی که باعث ایجاد اوره شد,پل شیمی معدنی و آلی بود!
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1- در کل گوجه بیشتر از بقیه محصولات واکنش میده فصل 4 شیمی 2 هم گفته محصولات کشاورزی مخصوصا گوجه با اتن رسیده میشن...
2- چون از واکنش اب و کلسیم کربید که ماده ای معدنی هست به اتین که الی هست میرسیم... نگفت اتین اولین ماده الی هست. گفت کلسیم کربید یه پل هست. چون به کمکش به اتین میرسیم.
اینا نظر من بود. مطمئن نیستم. لطفا بقیه هم نظر بدند.
1- در کل گوجه بیشتر از بقیه محصولات واکنش میده فصل 4 شیمی 2 هم گفته محصولات کشاورزی مخصوصا گوجه با اتن رسیده میشن...
2- چون از واکنش اب و کلسیم کربید که ماده ای معدنی هست به اتین که الی هست میرسیم... نگفت اتین اولین ماده الی هست. گفت کلسیم کربید یه پل هست. چون به کمکش به اتین میرسیم.
اینا نظر من بود. مطمئن نیستم. لطفا بقیه هم نظر بدند.
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